Environmental remote sensing is a crucial method for observing the impacts of climate change. In his doctoral thesis master of science Ankit Regmi introduces an innovative approach that utilizes the reflection of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals from the Earth's surface. This enables the study of surface materials and properties, such as the measurement of sea level, sea ice thickness, and soil moisture.

The research employs a cost-effective GNSS reflectometry system (GNSS-R), which uses a specially designed, antenna and commercial GNSS receivers to record both direct and reflected GNSS signals. This enables the determination of reflective surface properties using the signal-to-noise ratio.

-The GNSS-R measurements presented in the study examine surface properties across different seasons and conditions. Sea ice thickness is estimated by observing the total height difference between GNSS interferometric reflectometry results and sea level data from the Finnish Meteorological Institute. Changes in the GNSS signal passing through multi-layer ice are observed in the reflected GNSS parameter, enabling ice thickness measurement. Statistical parameters of the received GNSS data show a correlation with wind speed over open sea, says doctoral candidate Ankit Regmi whose theses Dual Circularly Polarized GNSS-Reflectometry for Remote Sensing of Land and Sea Surfaces is now online.

The relative permittivity of the open sea and land is measured by utilizing the change in electromagnetic wave polarization of reflected GNSS signals. The practicality of dynamic measurements with the GNSS-R system is tested using a drone in various remote sensing scenarios.

-Our innovative GNSS-R system offers a cost-effective and versatile tool for environmental monitoring. By providing detailed insights into surface properties and changes, we can better understand and respond to the challenges posed by climate change, Regmi tells and mentions some potential applications: