Thanks to nanoscale devices as small as human cells, researchers can create groundbreaking material properties, leading to smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient electronics. However, to fully unlock the potential of nanotechnology, addressing noise is crucial. A research team at Chalmers University of Technology, in Sweden, has taken a significant step toward unraveling fundamental constraints on noise, paving the way for future nanoelectronics.

Nanotechnology is rapidly advancing, capturing widespread interest across industries such as communications and energy production. At the nano level – equivalent to a millionth of a millimeter – particles adhere to quantum mechanical laws. By harnessing these properties, materials can be engineered to exhibit enhanced conductivity, magnetism, and energy efficiency.

“Today, we witness the tangible impact of nanotechnology – nanoscale devices are ingredients to faster technologies and nanostructures make materials for power production more efficient,” says Janine Splettstösser, Professor of Applied Quantum Physics at Chalmers.

Devices smaller than the human cell unlocking novel electronic and thermoelectric properties
To manipulate charge and energy currents down to the single-electron level, researchers use so-called nanoscale devices, systems smaller than human cells. These nanoelectronic systems can act as “tiny engines” performing specific tasks, leveraging quantum mechanical properties.

“At the nanoscale, devices can have entirely new and desirable properties. These devices, which are a hundred to ten thousand times smaller than a human cell, allow to design highly efficient energy conversion processes,” says Ludovico Tesser, PhD student in Applied Quantum Physics at Chalmers University of Technology.

Navigating nano-noise: a crucial challenge
However, noise poses a significant hurdle in advancing this nanotechnology research. This disruptive noise is created by electrical charge fluctuations and thermal effects within devices, hindering precise and reliable performance. Despite extensive efforts, researchers have yet to find out to which extent this noise can be eliminated without hindering energy conversion, and our understanding of its mechanisms remains limited. But now a research team at Chalmers has succeeded in taking an important step in the right direction.

In their recent study, published as editor’s suggestion in Physical Review Letters, they investigated thermoelectric heat engines at the nanoscale. These specialised devices are designed to control and convert waste heat into electrical power.

“All electronics emit heat and recently there has been a lot of effort to understand how, at the nano-level, this heat can be converted to useful energy. Tiny thermoelectric heat engines take advantage of quantum mechanical properties and nonthermal effects and, like tiny power plants, can convert the heat into electrical power rather than letting it go to waste,” says Professor Splettstösser.

Balancing noise and power in nanoscale heat engines
However, nanoscale thermoelectric heat engines work better when subject to significant temperature differences. These temperature variations make the already challenging noise researchers are facing even trickier to study and understand. But now, the Chalmers researchers have managed to shed light on a critical trade-off between noise and power in thermoelectric heat engines.

“We can prove that there is a fundamental constraint to the noise directly affecting the performance of the ‘engine’. For example, we can not only see that if you want the device to produce a lot of power, you need to tolerate higher noise levels, but also the exact amount of noise. It clarifies a trade-off relation, that is how much noise one must endure to extract a specific amount of power from these nanoscale engines. We hope that these findings can serve as a guideline in the area going forward to design nanoscale thermoelectric devices with high precision,” says Ludovico Tesser.

More about the research:
The study “Out-of-Equilibrium Fluctuation-Dissipation Bounds” was published in Physical Review Letters.
At the time of the study, all researchers were active at Chalmers University of Technology.

The research project has been funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme, as well as by a Wallenberg Academy Fellowship.